Ribonucleic acid or RNA plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes. Recent advancements in RNA sequencing technologies have enabled researchers to investigate the functional role of various RNA types like messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA) as potential biomarkers. Unlike other traditional biomarkers, RNA biomarkers offers non-invasive means of diagnosis, prognosis, and disease monitoring using body fluids like blood, saliva, urine instead of tissue biopsies. This article discusses how various RNA markers are fueling precision medicine approaches.

Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Markers as Diagnostic Biomarkers 

Messenger RNA (mRNA) acts as an intermediate between DNA and protein synthesis. mRNA levels correlate with disease states and can serve as reliable diagnostic markers. For example, certain mRNA signatures found in blood samples have shown promise in detecting cancer at early stages in a non-invasive way. Companies are developing mRNA panels that can accurately predict clinical outcome and guide personalized treatment decisions. mRNA sequencing is also being explored to develop diagnostic tests for infectious diseases, cardiovascular disorders and neurological conditions from easy to access samples.

MicroRNA as Prognostic and Predictive Markers 

MicroRNAs or miRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression. Alterations in miRNA expression profiles have been linked to various diseases. Researchers have identified distinct miRNA signatures that correlate with cancer subtypes, stages of the disease, therapy response and survival rates. Pharma companies are evaluating miRNA biomarkers to predict drug response and tailor therapies. miRNA profiling tests are commercially available for cancer recurrence monitoring and therapy selection. Liquid biopsy miRNA tests also aid real-time monitoring of disease progression or treatment response in a minimally invasive manner.

Long Non-Coding in Disease Stratification 

Long non-coding Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Markers (lncRNAs) are emerging as useful markers to stratify disease subtypes and predict clinical outcomes. For example, prostate cancer associated 3 (PCAT-3) lncRNA levels in blood helped classify aggressive versus non-aggressive prostate tumors. HOTAIR lncRNA expression distinguished breast cancer subtypes and acted as an independent prognostic indicator. Studies show distinct lncRNA signatures in cardiac, neurodegenerative and autoimmune conditions as well. Biotech ventures are developing clinically applicable lncRNA panels to facilitate precision diagnostics and treatment management.

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