Hardware Components
Typical hardware components found in it include a microcontroller or microprocessor, memory, timing crystal or oscillator, and input/output (I/O) ports for interfacing with external components. The microcontroller is typically the main component of it as it controls the functioning of the system. Common microcontrollers used in it include PIC, AVR, ARM Cortex chips. Memory includes read-only memory (ROM) for storing programs, random-access memory (RAM) for data and temporary storage, and flash memory for storing programs and data.

Software of an Embedded System
Its software is typically written in C/C++ programming languages. Some key characteristics of embedded software include real-time constraints, small memory footprint, limited or no operating system, event-driven programming, optimized code for speed and size. Embedded software needs to be developed and tested thoroughly to meet reliability, safety and security requirements of the applications. It is often subject to strict product certification requirements.

Applications
Embedded Systems find applications in various electrical/electronic products and systems used in everyday lives. Some common examples are consumer electronics, home appliances, industrial equipment, medical devices, automotive systems, robotics and more.

Consumer Electronics: It powered modern consumer electronics like tablets, smartphones, smart watches, smart TVs, digital cameras, e-book readers. They handle critical functions from user interface, connectivity, audio/video processing to precise power management.

Home Appliances: Washing machines, refrigerators, dishwashers, air conditioners, robot vacuum cleaners use embedded controls for functions like temperature control, spin speed control, sensors, alerts and remote monitoring through apps.

Industrial Equipment: Embedded controls drive factory automation systems, CNC machines, motors/motion controllers, laser cutting machines, water treatment plants and more. They enable real-time monitoring, remote access and process optimization.

Medical Devices: Medical equipment like patient monitors, imaging scanners, pacemakers, defibrillators embed life-critical functions. They ensure precise measurements, dosage control, safety, connectivity to hospital networks.

Automotive Systems: Cars integrate over 100 embedded systems for functions like engine control, anti-lock braking, airbag deployment, climate control, infotainment, navigation and advanced driver-assist features.


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