Medical compounds are advanced materials comprised of more than one component that are combined to produce properties superior to the individual components on their own. The main constituents of Medical compounds are a resin matrix and a strengthening phase such as fibers or particles. Composites allow engineers to tailor materials for strength, hardness, flexibility, insulation and other physical properties according to the intended application. Due to their ability to overcome weaknesses inherent in materials like metals, ceramics and polymers, composites have revolutionized many fields including aerospace, automotive and medicine.

Dental Composites

Dental composites are hybrid materials mainly used for tooth fillings and repairs. They consist of microscopic filler particles such as silica or ceramic powders embedded in an acrylate-based resin matrix. Comparing to amalgam fillings, composite fillings closely match the appearance of natural teeth for a more aesthetically pleasing result. Composites also adhere very well to tooth structure, preventing marginal gaps where cavities can form. Modern composites have high filler content up to 80% which makes them quite hard-wearing. However, they are not as durable as dental amalgam over the long term and may require replacement within 5-10 years. Ongoing research focuses on improving composite resistance to wear, staining and degradation within the oral environment.

Orthopedic Implants

Over the past few decades, the development of Medical Composite has revolutionized orthopedic implants. Metallic alloys like titanium and cobalt-chromium were previously used but composites now allow for optimized strength and stiffness matched to bone. Fiber-reinforced polymeric composites consisting of high-strength fibers like carbon or ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene in a polymer matrix (such as PEEK) are commonly used. Compared to metal implants, composites have elastic moduli closer to bone to reduce stress-shielding effects. They are also non-corrosive and render MRI-compatibility for post-surgery imaging. Areas where composites are applied include joint replacements, spinal fusion cages, fracture fixation plates and rods. Ongoing research focuses on enhancing composites with osteoconductive or osteogenic properties to further facilitate bone growth.

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