Green steel production, also known as sustainable steelmaking or low-carbon steel production, refers to the process of manufacturing steel using methods and technologies that minimize carbon emissions, energy consumption, and environmental impact. Traditional steel production processes, such as the blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) route, rely heavily on coal and coke as primary sources of energy and emit significant amounts of greenhouse gases, contributing to climate change and air pollution.

Green steel production aims to address these environmental challenges by adopting alternative methods and innovative technologies that reduce or eliminate carbon emissions throughout the steelmaking process. Some key approaches to green steel production include:

1. Direct Reduction: Using alternative reducing agents such as natural gas or hydrogen to directly reduce iron ore into metallic iron, bypassing the need for coke and coal, which are major sources of carbon emissions in traditional steelmaking.

2. Electric Arc Furnace (EAF): Utilizing electric arc furnaces powered by renewable energy sources such as wind or solar to melt scrap steel and produce steel without the need for coke or coal.

3. Hydrogen-based Steelmaking: Investigating the use of hydrogen as a clean alternative reducing agent in steel production, leading to water vapor as the only byproduct.

4. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): Implementing technologies to capture and store carbon emissions generated during the steelmaking process, thereby reducing overall greenhouse gas emissions.

5. Biomass and Biochar Utilization: Exploring the use of biomass and biochar as alternative reducing agents or carbon sources in steel production, reducing reliance on fossil fuels.

By adopting these methods and technologies, green steel production aims to achieve carbon neutrality or even carbon negativity, contributing to global efforts to combat climate change and achieve sustainability goals in the steel industry. Green steel is becoming increasingly important as governments, industries, and consumers seek to reduce their carbon footprint and transition to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly economy