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NEW QUESTION 28
Which protocol is NOT implemented in the Network layer of the OSI Protocol Stack?

• A. hyper text transport protocol
• B. Internet Protocol
• C. Routing Information Protocol
• D. Open Shortest Path First

Answer: A

Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Open Shortest Path First, Internet Protocol, and Routing Information Protocol are all protocols implemented in the Network Layer.
Domain: Telecommunications and Network Security
References: AIO 3rd edition. Page 429
Official Guide to the CISSP CBK. Page 411

NEW QUESTION 29
What is defined as inference of information from other, intermediate, relevant facts?

• A. Secondary evidence
• B. Hearsay evidence
• C. Conclusive evidence
• D. Circumstantial evidence

Answer: D

Explanation:
Circumstantial evidence is defined as inference of information from other, intermediate, relevant facts. Secondary evidence is a copy of evidence or oral description of its contents. Conclusive evidence is incontrovertible and overrides all other evidence and hearsay evidence is evidence that is not based on personal, first-hand knowledge of the witness, but was obtained from another source. Computer-generated records normally fall under the category of hearsay evidence. Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 9: Law, Investigation, and Ethics (page 310).

NEW QUESTION 30
What is the main focus of the Bell-LaPadula security model?

• A. Integrity
• B. Accountability
• C. Availability
• D. Confidentiality

Answer: D

Explanation:
The Bell-LaPadula model is a formal model dealing with confidentiality.
The Bell-LaPadula Model (abbreviated BLP) is a state machine model used for enforcing access control in government and military applications. It was developed by David Elliott Bell and Leonard J. LaPadula, subsequent to strong guidance from Roger R. Schell to formalize the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) multilevel security (MLS) policy. The model is a formal state transition model of computer security policy that describes a set of access control rules which use security labels on objects and clearances for subjects. Security labels range from the most sensitive (e.g."Top Secret"), down to the least sensitive (e.g., "Unclassified" or "Public").
The Bell-LaPadula model focuses on data confidentiality and controlled access to classified information, in contrast to the Biba Integrity Model which describes rules for the protection of data integrity. In this formal model, the entities in an information system are divided into subjects and objects.
The notion of a "secure state" is defined, and it is proven that each state transition preserves security by moving from secure state to secure state, thereby inductively proving that the system satisfies the security objectives of the model. The Bell-LaPadula model is built on the concept of a state machine with a set of allowable states in a computer network system. The transition from one state to another state is defined by transition functions.
A system state is defined to be "secure" if the only permitted access modes of subjects to objects are in accordance with a security policy. To determine whether a specific access mode is allowed, the clearance of a subject is compared to the classification of the object (more precisely, to the combination of classification and set of compartments, making up the security level) to determine if the subject is authorized for the specific access mode.
The clearance/classification scheme is expressed in terms of a lattice. The model defines two mandatory access control (MAC) rules and one discretionary access control (DAC) rule with three security properties:
The Simple Security Property - a subject at a given security level may not read an object at a higher security level (no read-up).
The -property (read "star"-property) - a subject at a given security level must not write to any object at a lower security level (no write-down). The -property is also known as the Confinement property. The Discretionary Security Property - use of an access matrix to specify the discretionary access control.
The following are incorrect answers:
Accountability is incorrect. Accountability requires that actions be traceable to the user that
performed them and is not addressed by the Bell-LaPadula model.
Integrity is incorrect. Integrity is addressed in the Biba model rather than Bell-Lapadula.
Availability is incorrect. Availability is concerned with assuring that data/services are
available to authorized users as specified in service level objectives and is not addressed
by the Bell-Lapadula model.
References:
CBK, pp. 325-326
AIO3, pp. 279 - 284
AIOv4 Security Architecture and Design (pages 333 - 336)
AIOv5 Security Architecture and Design (pages 336 - 338)
Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell-La_Padula_model

NEW QUESTION 31
What is the Maximum Tolerable Downtime (MTD)?

• A. Maximum elapsed time required to move back to primary site after a major disruption
• B. Minimum elapsed time required to complete recovery of application data
• C. Maximum elapsed time required to complete recovery of application data
• D. It is maximum delay businesses can tolerate and still remain viable

Answer: D

Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
The Maximum Tolerable Downtime (MTD) is the maximum length of time a BUSINESS FUNCTION can endure without being restored, beyond which the BUSINESS is no longer viable NIST SAYS:
The ISCP Coordinator should analyze the supported mission/business processes and with the process owners, leadership and business managers determine the acceptable downtime if a given process or specific system data were disrupted or otherwise unavailable. Downtime can be identified in several ways.
Maximum Tolerable Downtime (MTD). The MTD represents the total amount of time the system owner/ authorizing official is willing to accept for a mission/business process outage or disruption and includes all impact considerations. Determining MTD is important because it could leave contingency planners with imprecise direction on selection of an appropriate recovery method, and the depth of detail which will be required when developing recovery procedures, including their scope and content.
Other BCP and DRP terms you must be familiar with are:
Recovery Time Objective (RTO). RTO defines the maximum amount of time that a system resource can remain unavailable before there is an unacceptable impact on other system resources, supported mission/ business processes, and the MTD. Determining the information system resource RTO is important for selecting appropriate technologies that are best suited for meeting the MTD. When it is not feasible to immediately meet the RTO and the MTD is inflexible, a Plan of Action and Milestone should be initiated to document the situation and plan for its mitigation.
Recovery Point Objective (RPO). The RPO represents the point in time, prior to a disruption or system outage, to which mission/business process data can be recovered (given the most recent backup copy of the data) after an outage. Unlike RTO, RPO is not considered as part of MTD. Rather, it is a factor of how much data loss the mission/business process can tolerate during the recovery process. Because the RTO must ensure that the MTD is not exceeded, the RTO must normally be shorter than the MTD. For example, a system outage may prevent a particular process from being completed, and because it takes time to reprocess the data, that additional processing time must be added to the RTO to stay within the time limit established by the MTD.
References used for this question:
KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Page 276.
and
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-34-rev1/sp800-34-rev1_errata-Nov11-2010.pdf

NEW QUESTION 32
What can be defined as an abstract machine that mediates all access to objects by subjects to ensure that subjects have the necessary access rights and to protect objects from unauthorized access?

• A. The Security Domain
• B. The Security Kernel
• C. The Trusted Computing Base
• D. The Reference Monitor

Answer: D

Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
The reference monitor refers to abstract machine that mediates all access to objects by subjects.
This question is asking for the concept that governs access by subjects to objects, thus the reference monitor is the best answer. While the security kernel is similar in nature, it is what actually enforces the concepts outlined in the reference monitor.
In operating systems architecture a reference monitor concept defines a set of design requirements on a reference validation mechanism, which enforces an access control policy over subjects' (e.g., processes and users) ability to perform operations (e.g., read and write) on objects (e.g., files and sockets) on a system. The properties of a reference monitor are:
The reference validation mechanism must always be invoked (complete mediation). Without this property, it is possible for an attacker to bypass the mechanism and violate the security policy.
The reference validation mechanism must be tamperproof (tamperproof). Without this property, an attacker can undermine the mechanism itself so that the security policy is not correctly enforced.
The reference validation mechanism must be small enough to be subject to analysis and tests, the completeness of which can be assured (verifiable). Without this property, the mechanism might be flawed in such a way that the policy is not enforced.
For example, Windows 3.x and 9x operating systems were not built with a reference monitor, whereas the Windows NT line, which also includes Windows 2000 and Windows XP, was designed to contain a reference monitor, although it is not clear that its properties (tamperproof, etc.) have ever been independently verified, or what level of computer security it was intended to provide.
The claim is that a reference validation mechanism that satisfies the reference monitor concept will correctly enforce a system's access control policy, as it must be invoked to mediate all security-sensitive operations, must not be tampered, and has undergone complete analysis and testing to verify correctness.
The abstract model of a reference monitor has been widely applied to any type of system that needs to enforce access control, and is considered to express the necessary and sufficient properties for any system making this security claim.
According to Ross Anderson, the reference monitor concept was introduced by James Anderson in an influential 1972 paper.
Systems evaluated at B3 and above by the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) must enforce the reference monitor concept.
The reference monitor, as defined in AIO V5 (Harris) is: "an access control concept that refers to an abstract machine that mediates all access to objects by subjects."
The security kernel, as defined in AIO V5 (Harris) is: "the hardware, firmware, and software elements of a trusted computing based (TCB) that implement the reference monitor concept. The kernel must mediate all access between subjects and objects, be protected from modification, and be verifiable as correct." The trusted computing based (TCB), as defined in AIO V5 (Harris) is: "all of the protection mechanisms within a computer system (software, hardware, and firmware) that are responsible for enforcing a security policy."
The security domain, "builds upon the definition of domain (a set of resources available to a subject) by adding the fact that resources withing this logical structure (domain) are working under the same security policy and managed by the same group."
The following answers are incorrect:
"The security kernel" is incorrect. One of the places a reference monitor could be implemented is in the security kernel but this is not the best answer.
"The trusted computing base" is incorrect. The reference monitor is an important concept in the TCB but this is not the best answer.
"The security domain is incorrect." The reference monitor is an important concept in the security domain but this is not the best answer.
Reference(s) used for this question:
Official ISC2 Guide to the CBK, page 324
AIO Version 3, pp. 272 - 274
AIOv4 Security Architecture and Design (pages 327 - 328)
AIOv5 Security Architecture and Design (pages 330 - 331)
Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_monitor

NEW QUESTION 33
......