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NEW QUESTION 47
With Cipher feedback (CFB) what happens?

  • A. The ciphertext block is encrypted then the ciphertext produced is XOR'd back with the plaintext to produce the current ciphertext block
  • B. The key is reapplied
  • C. The message is divided into blocks and each block is encrypted separately. This is the most basic mode for symmetric encryption
  • D. The block cipher is turned into a stream cipher

Answer: A

Explanation:
The ciphertext block is encrypted then the ciphertext produced is XOR'd back with the plaintext to produce the current ciphertext block
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher_mode_of_operation#Cipher_feedback_(CFB) The cipher feedback (CFB) mode, a close relative of CBC, makes a block cipher into a self-synchronizing stream cipher.

 

NEW QUESTION 48
3DES can best be classified as which one of the following?

  • A. Digital signature
  • B. Asymmetric algorithm
  • C. Hashing algorithm
  • D. Symmetric algorithm

Answer: D

Explanation:
Symmetric algorithm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_DES
Triple DES (3DES or TDES), officially the Triple Data Encryption Algorithm (TDEA or Triple DEA), is a symmetric-key block cipher, which applies the DES cipher algorithm three times to each data block. The Data Encryption Standard's (DES) 56-bit key is no longer considered adequate in the face of modern cryptanalytic techniques and supercomputing power. However, an adapted version of DES, Triple DES (3DES), uses the same algorithm to produce a more secure encryption.

 

NEW QUESTION 49
Which of the following statements is most true regarding binary operations and encryption?

  • A. They are only useful as a teaching method
  • B. They are completely useless
  • C. They can form a part of viable encryption methods
  • D. They can provide secure encryption

Answer: C

Explanation:
They can form a part of viable encryption methods
for example - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XOR_cipher
The XOR operator is extremely common as a component in more complex ciphers. By itself, using a constant repeating key, a simple XOR cipher can trivially be broken using frequency analysis. If the content of any message can be guessed or otherwise known then the key can be revealed. Its primary merit is that it is simple to implement, and that the XOR operation is computationally inexpensive. A simple repeating XOR (i.e. using the same key for xor operation on the whole data) cipher is therefore sometimes used for hiding information in cases where no particular security is required. The XOR cipher is often used in computer malware to make reverse engineering more difficult.

 

NEW QUESTION 50
An attack that is particularly successful against block ciphers based on substitution-permutation networks. For a block size b, holds b-k bits constant and runs the other k through all 2k possibilities. For k=1, this is just deferential cryptanalysis, but with k>1 it is a new technique.

  • A. Chosen Plaintext Attack
  • B. Differential Cryptanalysis
  • C. Integral Cryptanalysis
  • D. Linear Cryptanalysis

Answer: C

Explanation:
Integral Cryptanalysis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_cryptanalysis
Integral cryptanalysis is a cryptanalytic attack that is particularly applicable to block ciphers based on substitution-permutation networks. It was originally designed by Lars Knudsen as a dedicated attack against Square, so it is commonly known as the Square attack. It was also extended to a few other ciphers related to Square: CRYPTON, Rijndael, and SHARK. Stefan Lucks generalized the attack to what he called a saturation attack and used it to attack Twofish, which is not at all similar to Square, having a radically different Feistel network structure. Forms of integral cryptanalysis have since been applied to a variety of ciphers, including Hierocrypt, IDEA, Camellia, Skipjack, MISTY1, MISTY2, SAFER++, KHAZAD, and FOX (now called IDEA NXT).
Incorrect answers:
Chosen Plaintext Attack - is an attack model for cryptanalysis which presumes that the attacker can obtain the ciphertexts for arbitrary plaintexts. The goal of the attack is to gain information that reduces the security of the encryption scheme.
Linear Cryptanalysis - is a general form of cryptanalysis based on finding affine approximations to the action of a cipher. Attacks have been developed for block ciphers and stream ciphers. Linear cryptanalysis is one of the two most widely used attacks on block ciphers.
Differential Cryptanalysis - is a general form of cryptanalysis applicable primarily to block ciphers, but also to stream ciphers and cryptographic hash functions. In the broadest sense, it is the study of how differences in information input can affect the resultant difference at the output. In the case of a block cipher, it refers to a set of techniques for tracing differences through the network of transformation, discovering where the cipher exhibits non-random behavior, and exploiting such properties to recover the secret key (cryptography key).

 

NEW QUESTION 51
In a Feistel cipher, the two halves of the block are swapped in each round. What does this provide?

  • A. Confusion
  • B. Avalanche
  • C. Diffusion
  • D. Substitution

Answer: A

Explanation:
Confusion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusion_and_diffusion#Definition
Confusion means that each binary digit (bit) of the ciphertext should depend on several parts of the key, obscuring the connections between the two.
The property of confusion hides the relationship between the ciphertext and the key.
This property makes it difficult to find the key from the ciphertext and if a single bit in a key is changed, the calculation of the values of most or all of the bits in the ciphertext will be affected.
Confusion increases the ambiguity of ciphertext and it is used by both block and stream ciphers.
Incorrect answer:
Avalanche - The avalanche effect is the desirable property of cryptographic algorithms, typically block ciphers and cryptographic hash functions, wherein if an input is changed slightly (for example, flipping a single bit), the output changes significantly (e.g., half the output bits flip). In the case of high-quality block ciphers, such a small change in either the key or the plaintext should cause a drastic change in the ciphertext. The actual term was first used by Horst Feistel, although the concept dates back to at least Shannon's diffusion.
Diffusion - Diffusion means that if we change a single bit of the plaintext, then (statistically) half of the bits in the ciphertext should change, and similarly, if we change one bit of the ciphertext, then approximately one half of the plaintext bits should change.[2] Since a bit can have only two states, when they are all re-evaluated and changed from one seemingly random position to another, half of the bits will have changed state.
Substitution - Substitution technique is a classical encryption technique where the characters present in the original message are replaced by the other characters or numbers or by symbols.

 

NEW QUESTION 52
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